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Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Most distributions include a desktop environment ( GUI)GPLv2 and others (the name 'Linux' is a trademark )Linux ( / Л€ l i n КЉ k s/ ( listen) LEEN-uuks or / Л€ l ЙЄ n КЉ k s/ LIN-uuks ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. To ensure the security of your Office suite and to get all of the latest features, upgrade to the latest version of Office for free as part of your Microsoft 365 subscription. Excel and Word templates for invoices include basic invoices as well as sales invoices and service invoices. Sales invoicing templates itemize purchases and can calculate totals and special discounts automatically.Students & faculty can download Microsoft Office 2019 for Windows or Mac at little to no cost or upgrade from Office 2016 to the all-new Office 2019 with OnTheHub.With service-specific templates for an invoice, you can enter quantities and unit costs for labor and sales and even adjust the invoice template to double as a receipt. YouвЂ™ll also find invoicing templates and billing statements that deduct deposits or provide tax calculations.You can even download an invoice template that lets you sign up for Microsoft invoicing.

Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu.

Although it is used by only around 2.3 percent of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates the US KвЂ“12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Because of the dominance of the Linux-based Android on smartphones, Linux also has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.

This includes routers, automation controls, smart home technology (like Google Nest), televisions (Samsung and LG Smart TVs use Tizen and WebOS, respectively), automobiles (for example, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota all rely on Linux), digital video recorders, video game consoles, and smartwatches. Devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e.

90% of all cloud infrastructure is powered by Linux including supercomputers and cloud providers. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration.

Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T was required to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked. The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. In 1973 in a key, pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Linus Torvalds, principal author of the Linux kernelThe Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.

Microsoft Office Government Free Software Foundation

Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a command-line shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU Hurd, were stalled and incomplete. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. The GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a 'complete Unix-compatible software system' composed entirely of free software. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to modify Unix.

In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server ( ftp.funet.fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Torvalds had already considered the name 'Linux', but initially dismissed it as too egotistical. During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name 'Freax' for about half a year. Naming 5.25-inch floppy disks holding a very early version of LinuxLinus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention ' Freax', a portmanteau of 'free', 'freak', and 'x' (as an allusion to Unix). Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the Linux kernel, making a fully functional and free operating system.

Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers, and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack. Commercial use began when Dell and IBM, followed by Hewlett-Packard, started offering Linux support to escape Microsoft's monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Contradictory, in this recording, he pronounces вЂLinuxвЂ™ ( / Л€ l i n КЉ k s/ ( listen) LEEN-uuks with a short but close unrounded front vowel.Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. info)) with the kernel source code. To further demonstrate how the word 'Linux' should be pronounced, he included an audio guide ( listen ( help Later, however, Torvalds consented to 'Linux'.According to a newsgroup post by Torvalds, the word 'Linux' should be pronounced ( / Л€ l ЙЄ n КЉ k s/ ( listen) LIN-uuks) with a short вЂiвЂ™ as in вЂprintвЂ™ and вЂuвЂ™ as in вЂputвЂ™.

Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil. Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOS, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution. Linux distributions have also become popular in the netbook market, with many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google releasing their own ChromeВ OS designed for netbooks.Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being one of the most dominant operating systems on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables.

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